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Managing Chromatic Dispersion and other Impairments in PAM-4 Long-Reach Deployments

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Managing Chromatic Dispersion and other Impairments in PAM-4 Long-Reach Deployments

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  • Author: Jean-Sébastien Tassé
The most widely used modulation format in optical communications is on-off keying (OOK), also referred to as non-return-to-zero (NRZ), which consists of a sequence of light pulses where a pulse indicates a logical “1”, while the absence of a light pulse conveys a logical “0”. Many systems, like line side transmission at 10 Gbit/s or lower and pluggables, such as SFPs or CFPs, rely on on-off keying, which is a two-level amplitude modulation.

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