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Fluorescence Up-Conversion in Rare-Earth Materials

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Fluorescence Up-Conversion in Rare-Earth Materials

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Up-conversion finds important applications in biological labels, photodynamic therapy, optical sensors, laser, light emitting diodes and solar cells. Up-conversion involves the addition of photons mainly via sequential absorption and energy transfer between ions in an excited state, with subsequent emission of photons with higher energy. However, this process is not linear with excitation power and the up-converted emission saturates at high powers.Excitation spectra were measured using an FLS980 Fluorescence Spectrometer equipped with a 450 W Xe lamp and double excitation and emission monochromators.

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